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Texas Dental Journal Jul 2010Saliva can be easily obtained in medical and non-medical settings, and contains numerous bio-molecules, including those typically found in serum for disease detection... (Review)
Review
Saliva can be easily obtained in medical and non-medical settings, and contains numerous bio-molecules, including those typically found in serum for disease detection and monitoring. In the past two decades, the achievements of high-throughput approaches afforded by biotechnology and nanotechnology allow for disease-specific salivary biomarker discovery and establishment of rapid, multiplex, and miniaturized analytical assays. These developments have dramatically advanced saliva-based diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the current consensus on development of saliva/oral fluid-based diagnostics and provide a summary of recent research advancements of the Texas-Kentucky Saliva Diagnostics Consortium. In the foreseeable future, current research on saliva based diagnostic methods could revolutionize health care.
Topics: Biomarkers; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Humans; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Saliva
PubMed: 20737986
DOI: No ID Found -
Anatomical Record. Part B, New Anatomist Jan 2005We have recently proposed a mechanism to describe secretion, a fundamental process in all cells. That hypothesis, called porocytosis, embodies all available data and... (Review)
Review
We have recently proposed a mechanism to describe secretion, a fundamental process in all cells. That hypothesis, called porocytosis, embodies all available data and encompasses both forms of secretion, i.e., vesicular and constitutive. The current accepted view of exocytotic secretion involves the physical fusion of vesicle and plasma membranes; however, that hypothesized mechanism does not fit all available physiological data. Energetics of apposed lipid bilayers do not favor unfacilitated fusion. We consider that calcium ions (e.g., 10(-4) to 10(-3) M calcium in microdomains when elevated for 1 ms or less), whose mobility is restricted in space and time, establish salt bridges among adjacent lipid molecules. This establishes transient pores that span both the vesicle and plasma membrane lipid bilayers; the diameter of this transient pore would be approximately 1 nm (the diameter of a single lipid molecule). The lifetime of the transient pore is completely dependent on the duration of sufficient calcium ion levels. This places the porocytosis hypothesis for secretion squarely in the realm of the physical and physical chemical interactions of calcium and phospholipids and places mass action as the driving force for release of secretory material. The porocytosis hypothesis that we propose satisfies all of the observations and provides a framework to integrate our combined knowledge of vesicular and constitutive secretion.
Topics: Animals; Bodily Secretions; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Membrane; Exocytosis; Humans; Membrane Fusion; Membrane Lipids; Secretory Vesicles
PubMed: 15672353
DOI: 10.1002/ar.b.20050 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2021This study reports the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and its impact on dental practice and education in Brazil. A literature review involving medical and dental interests was... (Review)
Review
This study reports the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and its impact on dental practice and education in Brazil. A literature review involving medical and dental interests was performed based on recent general findings about the infection (research and relevant guidelines). COVID-19 is a high transmissible, unpredictable systemic disease, involving a viral replication phase, followed by an inflammatory phase that can evolve into hyperinflammation that leads to a cytokine storm and other serious issues including sepsis, shock and multiple organ failure. The dentists are directly impacted by the new coronavirus as they work with the oral cavity that is irrigated by the saliva and receive the respiratory aerosols and droplets from the patient. In conclusion, the world is facing a completely new situation that deserves the comprehension of the population and close attention of the authorities. Following protocols to attend patients can prevent the dissemination of the virus, cross-infection, and the contamination of health care professionals. New strategies need to be developed to enhance the existing teaching and learning protocols in Universities and to allow research to continue.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; SARS-CoV-2; Saliva
PubMed: 34877977
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104144 -
Journal of Proteomics Apr 2020We report in this manuscript what is known about the protein makeup of a selection of biological fluids in the domestic dog. The samples we review - amniotic and... (Review)
Review
We report in this manuscript what is known about the protein makeup of a selection of biological fluids in the domestic dog. The samples we review - amniotic and allantoic fluid, seminal fluid, saliva, bile, synovial fluid, tears - are still very poorly characterized in this species. For some of them we can present results from our own, mainly unpublished experiments. SIGNIFICANCE: The dog is one of the most widespread companion animals, and also of medical relevance as model species for some human diseases. Still, investigation of body fluids other than serum and urine is not so commonly undertaken, although - like in humans - also these sample types may have potential for diagnostic purposes. We compile published data about proteomes of fetal fluids, seminal plasma, saliva, bile, synovial fluid and tears, enriched by some yet unpublished data of our own (proteins of amniotic and allantoic fluid, tears). Closing gaps in our knowledge on dog proteins will further our understanding of (patho)physiological processes.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Body Fluids; Dogs; Proteomics; Saliva; Tears
PubMed: 32126321
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103724 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Feb 2018With the recent rediscovery of brown fat in adult humans, our outlook on adipose tissue biology has undergone a paradigm shift. While we attempt to identify, recruit,... (Review)
Review
With the recent rediscovery of brown fat in adult humans, our outlook on adipose tissue biology has undergone a paradigm shift. While we attempt to identify, recruit, and activate classic brown fat stores in humans, identification of beige fat has also raised the possibility of browning our white fat stores. Whether such transformation of human white fat depots can be achieved to enhance the whole body oxidative potential remains to be seen. Evidence to date, however, largely points toward a major oxidative role only for classic brown fat depots, at least in rodents. White fat stores seem to provide the main fuel for sustaining thermogenesis via lipolysis. Interestingly, molecular markers consistent with both classic brown and beige fat identity can be observed in human supraclavicular depot, thereby complicating the discussion on beige fat in humans. Here, we review the recent advances made in our understanding of brown and beige fat in humans and mice. We further provide an overview of their plausible physiological relevance to whole body energy metabolism.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Beige; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Bodily Secretions; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Phenotype; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 28302705
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2017 -
MSphere Dec 2020In yeast, many proteins are found in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, and consequently it can be difficult to distinguish nonconventional secretion...
In yeast, many proteins are found in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, and consequently it can be difficult to distinguish nonconventional secretion from cellular leakage. Therefore, we monitored the extracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity of intact cells as a specific marker for nonconventional secretion. Extracellular GAPDH activity was proportional to the number of cells assayed, increased with incubation time, and was dependent on added substrates. Preincubation of intact cells with 100 μM dithiothreitol increased the reaction rate, consistent with increased access of the enzyme after reduction of cell wall disulfide cross-links. Such treatment did not increase cell permeability to propidium iodide, in contrast to effects of higher concentrations of reducing agents. An amine-specific membrane-impermeant biotinylation reagent specifically inactivated extracellular GAPDH. The enzyme was secreted again after a 30- to 60-min lag following the inactivation, and there was no concomitant increase in propidium iodide staining. There were about 4 × 10 active GAPDH molecules per cell at steady state, and secretion studies showed replenishment to that level 1 h after inactivation. These results establish conditions for specific quantitative assays of cell wall proteins in the absence of cytoplasmic leakage and for subsequent quantification of secretion rates in intact cells. Eukaryotic cells secrete many proteins, including many proteins that do not follow the classical secretion pathway. Among these, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is unexpectedly found in the walls of yeasts and other fungi and in extracellular space in mammalian cell cultures. It is difficult to quantify extracellular GAPDH, because leakage of just a little of the very large amount of cytoplasmic enzyme can invalidate the determinations. We used enzymatic assays of intact cells while also maintaining membrane integrity. The results lead to estimates of the amount of extracellular enzyme and its rate of secretion to the wall in intact cells. Therefore, enzyme assays under controlled conditions can be used to investigate nonconventional secretion more generally.
Topics: Bodily Secretions; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Wall; Cytoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 33328349
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.01027-20 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Nov 2018Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, CD26) is a serine protease that is expressed constitutively by many haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic tissues. It exists as a... (Review)
Review
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, CD26) is a serine protease that is expressed constitutively by many haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic tissues. It exists as a membrane-associated protein, as well as in an active, soluble form (herein called sDPP4), present at high concentrations in bodily fluids. Despite the proposed use of sDPP4 as a biomarker for multiple diseases, its cellular sources are not well defined. Here, we report that individuals with congenital lymphocyte immunodeficiency had markedly lower serum concentrations of sDPP4, which were restored upon successful treatment and restoration of lymphocyte haematopoiesis. Using irradiated lymphopenic mice and wild-type to Dpp4 reciprocal bone marrow chimeric animals, we found that haematopoietic cells were a major source of circulating sDPP4. Furthermore, activation of human and mouse T lymphocytes resulted in increased sDPP4, providing a mechanistic link between immune system activation and sDPP4 concentration. Finally, we observed that acute viral infection induced a transient increase in sDPP4, which correlated with the expansion of antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses. Our study demonstrates that sDPP4 concentrations are determined by the frequency and activation state of lymphocyte populations. Insights from these studies will support the use of sDPP4 concentration as a biomarker for inflammatory and infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bodily Secretions; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Disease Models, Animal; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Influenza A virus; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency; Solubility; T-Lymphocytes; Transplantation Chimera
PubMed: 30251416
DOI: 10.1111/cei.13163 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Mar 2020Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is characterized by airway mucus accumulation and sputum production, but the role of mucus concentration in the pathogenesis of these... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is characterized by airway mucus accumulation and sputum production, but the role of mucus concentration in the pathogenesis of these abnormalities has not been characterized. This study was designed to: ) measure mucus concentration and biophysical properties of bronchiectasis mucus; ) identify the secreted mucins contained in bronchiectasis mucus; ) relate mucus properties to airway epithelial mucin RNA/protein expression; and ) explore relationships between mucus hyperconcentration and disease severity. Sputum samples were collected from subjects with bronchiectasis, with and without chronic erythromycin administration, and healthy control subjects. Sputum percent solid concentrations, total and individual mucin concentrations, osmotic pressures, rheological properties, and inflammatory mediators were measured. Intracellular mucins were measured in endobronchial biopsies by immunohistochemistry and gene expression. MUC5B (mucin 5B) polymorphisms were identified by quantitative PCR. In a replication bronchiectasis cohort, spontaneously expectorated and hypertonic saline-induced sputa were collected, and mucus/mucin concentrations were measured. Bronchiectasis sputum exhibited increased percent solids, total and individual (MUC5B and MUC5AC) mucin concentrations, osmotic pressure, and elastic and viscous moduli compared with healthy sputum. Within subjects with bronchiectasis, sputum percent solids correlated inversely with FEV and positively with bronchiectasis extent, as measured by high-resolution computed tomography, and inflammatory mediators. No difference was detected in rs35705950 SNP allele frequency between bronchiectasis and healthy individuals. Hypertonic saline inhalation acutely reduced non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis mucus concentration by 5%. Hyperconcentrated airway mucus is characteristic of subjects with bronchiectasis, likely contributes to disease pathophysiology, and may be a target for pharmacotherapy.
Topics: Aged; Bronchiectasis; Cohort Studies; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucus; Queensland; Respiratory System; Sputum
PubMed: 31765597
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201906-1219OC -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Oct 2014I review how diverse inherited and acquired abnormalities in epidermal structural and enzymatic proteins converge to produce defective permeability barrier function and... (Review)
Review
I review how diverse inherited and acquired abnormalities in epidermal structural and enzymatic proteins converge to produce defective permeability barrier function and antimicrobial defense in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Although best known are mutations in filaggrin (FLG), mutations in other member of the fused S-100 family of proteins (ie, hornerin [hrn] and filaggrin 2 [flg-2]); the cornified envelope precursor (ie, SPRR3); mattrin, which is encoded by TMEM79 and regulates the assembly of lamellar bodies; SPINK5, which encodes the serine protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type trypsin inhibitor type 1; and the fatty acid transporter fatty acid transport protein 4 have all been linked to AD. Yet these abnormalities often only predispose to AD; additional acquired stressors that further compromise barrier function, such as psychological stress, low ambient humidity, or high-pH surfactants, often are required to trigger disease. T(H)2 cytokines can also compromise barrier function by downregulating expression of multiple epidermal structural proteins, lipid synthetic enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides. All of these inherited and acquired abnormalities converge on the lamellar body secretory system, producing abnormalities in lipid composition, secretion, and/or extracellular lamellar membrane organization, as well as antimicrobial defense. Finally, I briefly review therapeutic options that address this new pathogenic paradigm.
Topics: Animals; Bodily Secretions; Dermatitis, Atopic; Fatty Acid Transport Proteins; Filaggrin Proteins; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inclusion Bodies; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Lipid Metabolism; Membrane Proteins; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; Proteolysis; Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal-Type 5; Skin
PubMed: 25131691
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.048 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Apr 2012Diagnosing the etiologic agent of pneumonia has an essential role in ensuring the most appropriate and effective therapy for individual patients and is critical to... (Review)
Review
Diagnosing the etiologic agent of pneumonia has an essential role in ensuring the most appropriate and effective therapy for individual patients and is critical to guiding the development of treatment and prevention strategies. However, establishing the etiology of pneumonia remains challenging because of the relative inaccessibility of the infected tissue and the difficulty in obtaining samples without contamination by upper respiratory tract secretions. Here, we review the published and unpublished literature on various specimens available for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each specimen, and discuss the rationale for the specimens to be collected for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study.
Topics: Blood; Bodily Secretions; Child; Humans; Lung Diseases; Patient Selection; Pediatrics; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serologic Tests; Specimen Handling; Sputum; Urine
PubMed: 22403227
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir1068